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The world’s most lucrative exports

Last year, goods worth $24.5 trillion (£19.5tn) were exported around the globe. But what do some of the world’s biggest countries make the most money from?

From oil to eggs, read on to discover the most lucrative exports in 45 key nations, as revealed in the latest data from World’s Top Exports. 

Saudi Arabia – mineral fuels, including oil

No prizes for guessing this one. According to World’s Top Exports’ latest data, mineral fuels including oil made up a colossal 83.8% of total Saudi exports in 2022, generating $268.5 billion (£214bn) in the process.

United Arab Emirates – mineral fuels, including oil

Much like Saudi Arabia and Qatar, mineral fuels, including oil, are the most lucrative export in the United Arab Emirates.

In 2022, the UAE shipped out $213.4 billion (£169bn) worth of oil, accounting for a phenomenal 68.6% of the nation’s total exports.

Iran – plastics, plastic articles

Mineral fuels have long been Iran’s top export. However, in 2023 the nation made almost twice as much money from exporting plastics and plastic articles as it did from shipments of “black gold”.

Iran, one of the world’s most polluted countries, made $3.5 billion (£2.8bn) from plastic in 2023 and $1.8 billion (£1.4bn) from mineral fuels, including oil.

Egypt – mineral fuels, including oil

Egypt makes a significant chunk of its export income by selling oil on the international market.

In fact, mineral fuels (including oil) represented 37.3% of its total exports in 2022, according to World’s Top Exports’ latest data. That amounts to around $18 billion (£14.3bn).

China – electronics

The world’s largest exporter of goods – as well as the leading exporter of mobile phones – China made almost $3.4 trillion (£2.7tn) in export sales last year.

Electrical machinery and equipment had the largest market share, accounting for 27% or $899 billion (£716bn) of its total exports. Top among these were smartphones and computers.

Poland – machinery, including computers

Like many highly industrialized countries, Poland derives a large portion of its export earnings from trading in machinery, including computers.

Last year, the European nation made $50 billion (£40bn) from the sector, which constituted 13.1% of its total shipments. 

India – mineral fuels, including oil

India exported goods worth $360 billion (£287bn) in 2022, the most recent year for which World’s Top Exports has available data.

Topping the list of its biggest exports two years ago were mineral fuels (including oil), which brought $42.6 billion (£34bn) into the country.

India was also a world leader in the export of diamonds, with gems and precious metals accounting for 11% of the nation’s total exports.

Ireland – pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals accounted for 34.2% of Ireland’s total exports in 2023. That equates to around $71.7 billion (£57bn).

According to World’s Top Exports, the total value of Ireland’s exports – which was $209.5 billion (£167bn) last year – works out at around $39,900 (£31.8k) per capita.

France – machinery, including computers

Think of France and you might find yourself daydreaming about cheese and fine wine. However, the country actually makes the most money from decidedly less glamorous commodities: machinery, vehicles (including aircraft and spacecraft), and pharmaceuticals, to be precise.

Machinery, including computers, represented 11.6% of the country’s total exports in 2023, bringing in $73.6 billion (£58.7bn).

Brazil – mineral fuels, including oil

Mineral fuels (including oil) made up 16.2% of Brazilian exports last year, bringing $55.1 billion (£43.9bn) into the South American country. That’s a slight dip from 2022 when mineral fuels comprised around 17% of exports and brought in $56.9 billion (£45.3bn).

Brazil’s top trading partners are China, the US, and Argentina. China imported a whopping 30.7% of Brazil’s total exports in 2023.

Spain – vehicles

Producing almost two million cars in 2023, Spain attributed 15.8% of its export revenue last year to its auto industry.

This percentage has been falling since 2016, when vehicles accounted for 17.6% of the country’s exports. Despite this, Spain’s vehicle revenue has actually increased from $50.8 billion (£40.5bn) to $67.1 billion (£53.5bn) over the last seven years.

Greece – mineral fuels, including oil

The Greek economy is still struggling to recover from the 2008 financial crisis. When it comes to exports, its biggest earners are mineral fuels (including oil), which represented 32.3% of the country’s total exports or $17.8 billion (£14.2bn) in 2023.

That’s a huge increase from 2016, when oil brought in just $8.4 billion (£6.7bn), though a slight dip from 2022 when Greece made $21 billion (£16.7bn) from the so-called “black gold”.

Argentina – cereals

Argentina’s most lucrative exports are cereals, including corn. This product group contributed $8.1 billion (£6.5bn) to the country’s economy in 2023, representing 12.1% of Argentina’s total exports.

Brazil, China, and the US were the biggest buyers. 

Colombia – mineral fuels, including oil

Around 28% of Colombia’s exports were destined for the United States last year, and the most lucrative product group was mineral fuels, including oil.

These exports represented a significant 50.5% of the Latin American country’s outgoings and brought in $25 billion (£19.9bn). 

South Africa – gems and precious metals

The mining industry is a key part of South Africa’s economy, and its gold and diamonds are famed around the globe.

It’s little surprise, then, that gemstones and precious metals were collectively its biggest export in 2023, constituting 17.7% of the total, or $19.5 billion (£15.5bn).

Qatar – mineral fuels, including oil

Unsurprisingly, oil-rich Qatar counts mineral fuels (including oil) as its most lucrative export.

This sector brought in $95.3 billion (£75.9bn) in 2022, the most recent year for which World’s Top Exports has data, and represents a massive 87.7% of the nation’s total shipments. 

Japan – machinery including computers

The home of no less than Honda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, and Toyota, Japan exported $156.7 billion (£125bn) worth of vehicles in 2023.

Japan had been the world’s biggest car exporter for years. However, in recent years it’s been overtaken by Germany and China, with the People’s Republic revving up both its vehicle production and overseas sales

Canada – mineral fuels, including oil

Last year, Canada exported goods worth a grand total of $568.3 billion (£453bn), a dip of 5.1% from 2022.

Mineral fuels, including crude oil, were its most lucrative export and accounted for 25.2% of total sales; this figure is down from 30.2% the year before. Vehicles, machinery, gems, and wood make up the rest of Canada’s top five.

Mexico – vehicles

The world’s seventh largest automobile manufacturer in 2023 (according to Statista), Mexico makes an impressive sum from its exports of vehicles.

In 2022, the country sold $136.1 billion (£108bn) worth of cars and trucks, representing 23.5% of its total shipments. 

United Kingdom – gemstones, precious metals

According to World’s Top Exports, the UK’s top export in 2023 – somewhat surprisingly – was precious metals and gemstones.

(It’s worth noting this doesn’t correlate with official data from the UK government, which claims cars took the top spot between February 2023 and February 2024.)

The data from World’s Top Exports suggest that precious metals and gemstones accounted for 16.7% of the UK’s total exports last year, bringing in $86.6 billion (£69bn).

Italy – machinery, including computers

Machinery, including computers, is Italy’s biggest export.

The European nation exported $116.8 billion (£93.1bn) worth of the technology last year, which accounted for 17.3% of its shipments. Nearby Germany and France were two of its biggest customers.

Australia – mineral fuels, including oil

Australia exported $370.9 billion (£296bn) worth of goods in 2023.

Of the grand total, 34% was generated by mineral fuels, including oil. These commodities brought in $125.9 billion (£100bn), making them the most lucrative export Down Under.

Malaysia – electrical machinery

While you might expect Malaysia’s most lucrative exports to be clothing or palm oil, 38.1% of the country’s 2023 revenue actually came via electrical machinery, which generated $119.1 billion (£95bn). 

Almost three-quarters of its total shipments were destined for its fellow Asian nations, with China and Singapore its two biggest markets.

Germany – vehicles

The largest economy in Europe, Germany exported a whopping $293.6 billion (£234bn) worth of vehicles last year.

Back in 2022, Germany was the world’s leading exporter of cars by a significant margin, providing around 20% of the world’s supply. 

Chile – ores, slag, and ash

Chile made $28.6 billion (£22.8bn) from exports of ores, slag, and ash last year, which accounted for 28.5% of its total outgoing products.

The South American nation also made megabucks – $20.4 billion (£16.3bn), to be precise – trading in copper ores, which is no surprise given it’s the world’s number-one copper producer by a considerable margin.

Switzerland – gemstones, precious metals

Affluent Switzerland makes a mint selling everything from chocolate to clocks.

However, the country generates the most money by trading gemstones and precious metals. These sparkling outgoings made up 30.3% of its total exports last year, with a value of $127.2 billion (£101bn).

Austria – machinery, including computers

Austria is another wealthy European country that counts machinery, including computers, among its biggest exports.

The sector generated $38.2 billion (£30.4bn) last year, representing 17.1% of its total shipments. 

Russia – mineral fuels, including oil

All eyes have been on the Russian economy since the country invaded Ukraine in February 2022. Global sanctions and trade embargoes have meant many nations are shunning Russian exports – but that didn’t stop the country from making $348.3 billion (£273bn) from mineral fuels, including oil, by the end of that year. 

World’s Top Exports doesn’t have data for Russia for 2023, but the nation is thought to have made record profits from exporting oil last year, with China its biggest trading partner.

Just as the Russian Federation is reliant on the money it makes from oil, many countries are equally reliant on the nation’s oil and gas reserves for energy, resulting in an ongoing stand-off between Putin and the West.

Pakistan – knit or crochet clothing, accessories

Pakistan’s biggest exports in 2022, the latest year for which World’s Top Exports has data, were knit or crochet clothing and accessories.

The South Asian country shipped out $5.9 billion (£4.7bn) worth of the items, predominantly to the US and mainland China. This category was closely followed by textiles and worn clothing, which brought in $5.8 billion (£4.6bn).

New Zealand – dairy, eggs, and honey

New Zealand is highly reliant on its agricultural sector, which accounts for almost all of its 10 most lucrative exports. At the top of the list are dairy, eggs, and honey, which collectively represented $12.2 billion (£9.7bn), or 30.7%, of its total trade last year. 

The world’s biggest exporter of dairy products is the New Zealand-based firm Fonterra.

Bangladesh – knit or crochet clothing, accessories

One of the world’s largest exporters of clothing, Bangladesh derives an enormous 92.5% of its total export income from the apparel and textile industries.

Within this, knit or crochet clothing is its most lucrative export, generating $31 billion (£24.7bn) in 2022, the latest year for which World’s Top Exports has data.

Philippines – electrical machinery

A total of $78.9 billion (£62.9bn) worth of goods came from the Philippines in 2022, the latest year for which World’s Top Exports holds data.

Of that, $43.6 billion (£34.7bn) was generated from the export of electrical machinery and equipment, which accounted for 55.2% of all the country’s shipments. 

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Business

Private Credit Investors Rush to Withdraw

The rush for the exits in private credit is prompting fresh scrutiny of the sector’s less-liquid structures and its rapid expansion into the retail wealth space.

Blackstone has become the latest fund manager to be hit by a surge in requests from investors to withdraw from its flagship private credit strategy.

The asset manager said this week it will meet 100% of redemption requests in its gigantic $82 billion Blackstone Private Credit Fund, or BCRED, after investors sought to pull a record 7.9% of assets from the fund, or about $3.8 billion.

That came after Blue Owl Capital said last month it was ending regular quarterly liquidity payments in its Blue Owl Capital Corporation II fund, a semi-liquid private credit strategy aimed at U.S. retail investors. The private credit specialist will instead switch to periodic payouts funded by asset sales, earnings and other strategic deals.

This spike in redemption requests is now putting the private market industry’s courting of retail investors under closer scrutiny, and bringing the mismatch between non-publicly-traded, higher-yielding illiquid assets and retail-style access into sharper focus.

‘A feature, not a bug’

Blackstone — the world’s biggest alternative investment manager, with $1.27 trillion in assets under management — said it was upping a previously-announced tender offer to 7% of total shares, with the firm and employees offsetting the remaining 0.9%, in order to meet the redemption requests in full.

Blackstone Chief Operating Officer and President Jon Gray acknowledged that the risk of private credit firms failing to meet withdrawals, and potentially gating investors’ money, is “not beneficial in the near term” for the sector.

But speaking with CNBC’s “Squawk On The Street” Tuesday, Gray said individual investors and financial advisors “in most cases do” understand the product.

“What people sometimes fail to recognize is, they’re designed as semi-liquid products,” Gray said. “The idea that there are caps is really a feature, not a bug of these products. What you’re doing is trading away a bit of liquidity for higher returns. That’s the same trade-off institutional investors have made for a long period of time.”

Shares of publicly traded alternative asset managers — including Blackstone and Blue Owl, as well as KKRAres Management and Carlyle Group, among others — have dipped as concerns over multiple pressure points in the sector have spread.

These include late-cycle loan quality, AI-related risks in software portfolios, and fears of further individual blow-ups following the First Brands and Tricolor implosions last year.

Gray said that lowly-leveraged loans which produce a premium for investors are “a pretty good place to be,” adding that he expects they will continue to outperform liquid credit.

The BCRED fund has generated a 9.8% return since inception in its main share class, which indicates that, for now, the challenge remains one of liquidity rather than performance. Gray said there had been a “ton of noise” around private credit in recent weeks, adding, “it’s not a surprise that investors can get nervous.”

Moody’s Ratings warned that private credit’s tricky balance between delivering outsized returns while also offering retail-like liquidity will continue to be tested as the sector evolves towards the mainstream. In a recent commentary, Marc Pinto, global head of private credit at Moody’s, said funds may need to hold a larger proportion of more liquid, lower‑yielding assets to account for a growing retail presence — which could prove a drag on returns.

’180-degree switch’

Ultimately, the underlying assets will remain illiquid, regardless of the fund’s structuring, said William Barrett, managing partner at Reach Capital. “The retail market has to be conscious of that and not invest in these products the same way it would in an ETF,” Barrett told CNBC via email.

“Private markets inflows have been dominated by the institutional market for decades,” Barrett said. “It makes sense for our industry to now offer our products to retail but we should probably test it first with HNWI [high net worth individuals] and mass-affluent segments rather than making a 180-degree switch to mass retail.”

Barrett said the industry has to carefully select the right target markets for the right liquidity structures and the right underlying assets.

He noted that while there has been little sign of underperformance in the credit space at the portfolio level, “it makes sense that semi-liquid products feel the liquidity pressure first.”

Man Group, the London-listed global alternatives manager which has expanded its private credit activity in recent years,said private credit loans are originated with the “express purpose” of being held to maturity.

“This lack of tradability is a feature of the asset class, not a flaw,” said Andrew Weymann, director, client portfolio manager, U.S. private credit, and Zeshan Ashfaque, senior managing director and senior credit officer, U.S. direct lending, in a note Tuesday.

They said redemption pressure in private credit could also be influenced by another area of weakness: exposure to software-as-a-service companies. Blue Owl is a significant direct lender to the sector, which has been shaken by concerns that rapidly advancing AI tools could erode traditional SaaS business models.

“If retail inflows slow and outflows pick up, particularly for managers most exposed to AI risks or whose capital bases have a significant retail component, this will be an additional headwind for the industry to contend with,” Weymann and Ashfaque noted.

CNBC

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Business

Saudi firms raise hiring and pay despite PMI dip

Saudi Arabia’s non-oil private sector lost a touch of speed in February, yet companies continued to hire aggressively and raise wages at the fastest pace since records began, signalling confidence that domestic demand remains intact.

The seasonally adjusted Riyad Bank Saudi Arabia Purchasing Managers’ Index slipped to 56.1 in February from 56.3 in January, marking the softest improvement in operating conditions for nine months. The index remains comfortably above the 50 neutral mark, indicating expansion across the non-oil economy even as momentum has cooled from last year’s peak.

Growth cools, but demand holds

Output growth eased to a six-month low, though businesses continued to report solid gains in activity. Survey respondents frequently cited stronger customer demand and new project approvals, alongside improved domestic sales and stepped-up marketing efforts. Competitive pressures in some markets tempered the pace of expansion, yet order books continued to rise.

New orders remained a central driver of activity, supported by government initiatives, digital development efforts and collaborative client projects. International sales also expanded for a seventh consecutive month, though at a slightly slower rate than earlier in the cycle.

Naif Al-Ghaith, Chief Economist at Riyad Bank, said, “Saudi Arabia’s non-oil private sector sustained its expansionary trajectory with a PMI reading of 56.1 in February, though the pace of output growth eased to its lowest level since last August. This performance was driven by robust domestic demand and a steady flow of new project approvals. Despite the moderation in momentum, the sector remains firmly in growth territory, supported by seven months of rising international sales and an improving volume of new orders.”

Businesses appear to be recalibrating after a period of rapid expansion, with the PMI on a gradual downward path since reaching one of its highest levels in over a decade last October. Conditions remain strong overall, but the data suggest a shift toward steadier, more measured growth.

Hiring surge drives record wage inflation

Employment rose sharply in February, with the job creation rate climbing to a four-month high and ranking among the strongest recorded in the survey’s history. Firms cited increased sales volumes and a build-up of outstanding orders as reasons to expand payrolls.

That hiring push has come at a cost. Staff expenses surged at the fastest pace since the survey began in August 2009, reflecting higher salaries offered to attract and retain workers, particularly in technical and sales roles. The sharp rise in wage bills marks a key feature of February’s data and signals growing competition for skilled labour.

Al-Ghaith said, “A key highlight of the February results was the sizeable increase in employment, as firms expanded their workforce to manage higher workloads and new business inflows. This acceleration in hiring signals confidence in near-term demand, even as overall output growth moderated. At the same time, supply chain performance improved further, with delivery times shortening amid better coordination and operational efficiencies.”

Prices climb amid cost pressures

Rising wage costs fed through to selling prices, which increased at the joint-fastest pace since May 2023, matching October’s recent high. Companies also reported higher supplier charges and increased metals prices. A reduction in fuel payments helped moderate overall purchase-price inflation, while some firms benefited from renegotiated vendor contracts.

Supply chains showed signs of improvement despite stronger input buying. Delivery times shortened to the greatest extent in nine months, reflecting operational gains and changes in vendor relationships. Companies continued to raise purchasing volumes in line with expanding workloads, while maintaining a balanced approach to inventory management.

Confidence steady into year ahead

Expectations for the next 12 months remained positive, with firms linking anticipated output growth to new client projects, firmer demand and supportive domestic economic conditions. The overall picture suggests an economy adjusting to a more sustainable pace after an extended period of rapid expansion.

Al-Ghaith said, “Overall, February’s results point to an economy that remains strong but is moving onto a more sustainable balance. Growth has moderated, yet demand and hiring activity continue to anchor the expansion. The broader trend remains positive, with businesses actively adjusting their capacity while maintaining a high degree of confidence in underlying market conditions. This balanced approach to inventory and staffing suggests the private sector is well positioned to navigate evolving economic dynamics throughout the remainder of the year.”

Consumers and businesses alike face a mixed environment. Growth remains solid, and hiring is robust, yet rising wages and selling prices could translate into firmer costs across parts of the economy. Saudi Arabia’s non-oil sector remains firmly in expansion mode, though the latest data indicate that the breakneck pace of last year is giving way to steadier, more sustainable momentum.

GN

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Business

UAE gold prices jump more than Dh10

Gold prices in the UAE surged on Monday morning, extending their recent rally and reflecting a sharp global shift toward safe-haven assets following escalating conflict in the Middle East. The 24-karat rate climbed to Dh646.45 per gram at 8.43 am on March 2, up from Dh636 a day earlier, while the 22-karat variety rose to Dh592.58 compared with Dh589 previously. (Check latest UAE gold prices here, alongside prices in Saudi ArabiaOmanQatarBahrainKuwait, and India.)

This move marked one of the strongest single-day gains in recent weeks. It pushed local bullion back toward levels last seen during previous periods of geopolitical stress, signalling a renewed wave of risk aversion among investors and buyers.

Steady climb through February

Gold’s rise did not begin overnight. The market has been building momentum for weeks, driven by a mix of global economic uncertainty, strong central bank demand, and shifting investment flows. Local price trends illustrate how steadily the rally gathered pace.

At the start of February, 24-karat gold traded near Dh564 per gram. Prices moved gradually higher throughout the month, crossing Dh600 by mid-February before accelerating sharply in the final week. By February 27, the rate had already reached Dh629.50, and within days it surged above Dh646.

The pattern shows how gold’s trajectory has been shaped by both long-term structural demand and short-term geopolitical shocks, with the latest escalation acting as a catalyst rather than the sole driver.

War tensions trigger global surge

The immediate trigger behind Monday’s spike was a sharp deterioration in regional stability over the weekend. Military strikes and retaliatory attacks involving multiple countries intensified fears of wider conflict, pushing investors toward traditional safe-haven assets.

Global bullion prices jumped sharply in early trading, rising more than 2% before moderating later in the session. Investors responded quickly to heightened risk perceptions, shifting funds away from equities and currencies into gold, which historically performs well during periods of uncertainty.

Energy markets mirrored this reaction. Oil prices surged strongly at the open on Monday, reflecting concerns over potential supply disruptions, particularly around the Strait of Hormuz, one of the world’s most critical energy corridors. The simultaneous rise in oil and gold heightened systemic risk across global markets.

Structural drivers remain intact

Even before the latest conflict, gold had been on a sustained upward trend throughout the year. The metal has gained roughly a quarter so far in 2026, supported by persistent central bank purchases, ongoing diversification away from sovereign bonds, and continued investor demand for inflation protection

GN

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